EDU 906- INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY AND MODERN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES
COMPUTER -MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has been
defined as "synchronous or asynchronous electronic mail and computer
conferencing, by which senders encode in text messages that are relayed from
senders' computers to receivers .CMC has also been described as "any
communication patterns mediated through the computer". Walther and Burgoon
(1992) argue that, "for many of us, CMC is no longer a novelty but a
communication channel through which much of our business and social interaction
takes place, and this transformation is expected to continue". They note,
"CMC produces much different affective and relational patterns than do
other types of communication, due to the reduction and types of cues available
to participants" .Learning the "language" or "culture"
of on-line interaction is necessary for communication to occur in a
computer-mediated context. Smeltzer (1992) provides an excellent analysis of
the relationship of message structure and message intent in computer-mediated
communication and notes, "although originally meant for the transfer of
data between computers . . . [CMC] has evolved into several distinct formats to
meet specific human-to-human communication needs"
Characteristics
Communication
occurring within a computer-mediated format has an effect on many different
aspects of an interaction. Some of these that have received attention in the
scholarly literature include impression formation, deception, group dynamics, disinhibiting
and especially CMC
is examined and compared to other communication media through a number of
aspects thought to be universal to all forms of communication, including (but
not limited to) synchronicity, persistence or "record ability", and anonymity. The association of these aspects with different forms of
communication varies widely. For example, instant messaging is intrinsically synchronous
but not persistent, since one loses all the content when one closes the dialog
box unless one has a message log set up or has manually copy-pasted the
conversation. E-mail and message boards, on the other hand, are low in
synchronicity since response time varies, but high in persistence since
messages sent and received are saved. Properties that separate CMC from other
media also include transience, its multimodal nature, and its relative lack of
governing codes of conduct. CMC is able to overcome physical
and social limitations of other forms of communication and therefore allow the
interaction of people who are not physically sharing the same space.
Anonymity and in part privacy and
security depends more on the context and particular program being used or web
page being visited. However, most researchers in the field acknowledge the
importance of considering the psychological and social implications of these
factors alongside the technical "limitations".
Types of Computer-Mediated Communication
Computer-mediated
communication is any type of communication that occurs over two or more
computers, including e-mail, chat rooms and instant messages. Even text
messaging is considered computer-mediated communication because some cell
phones operate as miniature computers. Computer-mediated communication is used
to form and maintain relationships, both personal and career-related. This type
of communication is a part of people’s daily lives and provides a way of
staying in touch when verbal contact isn't possible or convenient.
1.
E-mail
E-mail, which stands for "electronic mail," allows
people to exchange verbal messages with one or several recipients. An e-mail
server is able to receive incoming messages, send messages, forward received
messages to a new recipient and also store all of these types of messages. The
receiver of the message does not need to be on-line in order for the e-mail to
be delivered.
2.
Chat Room
A chat room is essentially a virtual conference room where several
people who are all on-line simultaneously can write comments at the same time.
The comments go into a feed that everyone who is in the chat room can read and
respond to. This is used for both business and social purposes.
3.
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging connects two people who are currently on-line
and lets them communicate in real time. Real time means that as soon as one
person writes a messages and sends it, the other person will receive the
message immediately. Some types of instant messaging include specialties like
video calling or live voice. This means that while both parties are on-line,
they can communicate not only by typing to each other, but also by speaking
into the computer's microphone or seeing each other via live streaming video
using a webcam or the computer's built-in camera.
4.
Text Messaging
Text messaging involves sending messages from one cell phone to
another over the phone's network. Text messaging isn't limited just to text,
but may also include pictures, sounds and video, depending on the phone's capabilities.
5.
Social Networking
Social networking is a 21st century way of communicating via a
computer. Social networking brings a group of people together on the same
website, such as MySpace or Facebook. People can connect with others, including
real-life and on-line friends, to share information. People discuss a wide
range of topics, from similar hobbies to career networking to travel and
geographic location. Social networking sets up a virtual community where people
can "meet" regardless of where they are in the world Tweeting
The website Twitter allows you to broadcast very short messages
called “tweets” to people who have elected to follow your posts. This is not
the place for a long treatise. Instead, briefly refer to a new product, message
or development your company is excited about. This may not result in immediate
sales, but it will result in awareness of your company in the marketplace.
6.
Blogs
The word “blog” is short for “web log.” These
sites are often written by amateurs, but getting a blogger to review a product
or service can be a good way to spread the word about your small business.
Contact bloggers by email, usually listed on their blogs, and ask them to take
a look at your product or service. You can spread the word informally and quickly
through this technology-based communication. Many companies, from sole
proprietorships to large corporations, have established their own blogs as a
primary communication channel to the public.
7.
Video Conferencing
You can save travel
money by using video-conferencing. If you and another person both have cameras
and the right software, you can see each other and talk to each other on your
computers. This gives you the face-to-face meeting you need without having to
be in the same location. When you want to convey your message with physical
gestures and facial expressions, this form of technology can be an effective
communication tool.
The
Advantages of Computer-Mediated Communication
Computer-mediated communication has changed the
way people keep in touch and begin new relationships. Computer-mediated
communication takes place in work relationships, family relationships, romantic
relationships and friendships. There are some concerns with computer-mediated
conversations, including concerns about dwindling interpersonal communication
skills. However, there are also advantages to communicating via computer
equipment such as personal computers, handheld devices, phones and web cams.
·
Self-Disclosure
One of the
fundamental findings researchers have made about computer-mediated
communication is that users tend to disclose more about themselves more quickly
when using this type of communication. Many people are shy in person, or they
are self-conscious about race, height, skin color or other personal
characteristics. When communicating through an electronic medium, the users are
less self-conscious about physical characteristics and less likely to
stereotype others. There is also a degree of anonymity involved in
computer-mediated communication that seems to break down defenses. This
willingness to disclose more online leads to closer relationships more quickly.
·
Immediacy
A major advantage to
computer-mediated communication is its immediacy. Prior to email, video calls,
texting and instant messaging, written messages took weeks to months to travel
around the world. Now documents, photos and videos can be sent anywhere with a
quick click. Parents can check in with their students traveling abroad for very
little to no extra cost. Business people can hire and collaborate with others
across the globe as easily as they can with someone in the same building, and
just as quickly, by using computer-mediated communication such as conference
calls, video conferencing, video calls, email and text messaging.
·
Broader Networks
With
computer-mediated communication, everyone is open to broader networks than in
the past. When dating, job hunting and work relationships were limited to those
with whom a person had face-to-face contact, it was much more difficult to meet
people with whom a bond might form. However, with computer-mediated
communication, there are groups of potential romantic partners, potential
employees and potential friends all over the internet. Through professional
networks, social networks and business networks, people have access to hundreds
more connections than they did prior to computer-mediated communication.
·
Long-Distance
Relationships
It is much easier to maintain closer long-distance relationships,
thanks to computer-mediated communication. Because of video calling,
long-distance friends, family and romantic partners can talk to one another
regularly, helping maintain a close connection. They are able to see and send
those nonverbal cues that are lost in a letter. Computer-mediated communication
helps preserve long-distance relationships that in the past would have fizzled
out and died.
SOME OTHER ADVANTAGES OF
CMC
·
enhances flow of information allows for intellectual exploration
·
provides the capability to store,
process and transmit messages; breaks down
barriers to)
·
eliminates
stereotypical classifications as well as preconceived communication of anonymity
·
enhances existing
interaction patterns
·
creates new
interaction patterns
·
provides for a constant flow of ideas
·
allows timely sharing of ideas
·
supports open
discussion and exploration
·
provides accessibility to information and subsequent
sharing of the same
·
enhances the sharing
of multiple ideas and viewpoints simultaneously with a large group
of people
·
provides a forum for experimenting
·
allows for the neutral
mediation of communication (messages)
·
establishes a safe environment with less risk
to communicators (people feel less inhibited about communicating their
ideas/opinions/feelings about certain issues)
·
fosters more
participation and contribution from people who would otherwise feel intimidated (introverts)
·
Convenient, flexible.
·
fosters independent
learning (learn/communicate at your own pace)
·
allows participants
to communicate with experts (learn from the best)
·
allows participants
to learn from others without feeling like an idiot ; facilitates thoughtful scholarly discourse;
·
Allows for fun,
exciting and challenging communication (curiosity is aroused by
interaction).
DISADVANTAGES OF CMC
Many of the
disadvantages of CMC appear to relate to the participants rather than to the
medium itself
·
inhibitions related to
computer/technology use; long
learning curve to understand network and glean resources
(navigation problems)
·
frustration and
stress due to sensory and data overload (one of our classmates
referred to it as terrorizing)
·
ineffective--time
consuming (lack of self-discipline to manage time/messages)
·
problems with
perceived leadership roles and perceived climate; asynchronous CMC lacks spontaneous responses to comments
·
attitudes that CMC is just a glorified high-tech method of old-fashioned correspondence school ;
·
Problems with access to the technology; hampers individuals ability to work; having to sift through all of the gobbledygook; lack of agreement on what it is and how it is
to be studied/employed.
However, there are several disadvantages of communicating
messages which are mediated by the computer that are the result of the medium itself.
Among them:
·
the lack of
socio-emotionalandnonverbalcues (oftenreferredtoascuesfilteredout)
·
confidentiality issues; trust issues (how true and valid
are the messages)
·
Creation of barriers due to the technology (the culture,
rules, netiquette --example emoticons ;)
·
Anonymity can cause abuse/misuse of the
technology (sexual
harassment/flaming/etc.
·
the lack of true
human contact
COMPUTER GENERATED MATERIALS
The term computer-generated most often refers to
a sound or visual that has been created in whole or in part with the aid
of computer software.
It can, but does not customarily, refer to something produced solely by computer hardware,
like a noise from a drive
or a
printed page from a printer (although
the object printed on the paper may be computer-generated, the physical page
itself is not).Sounds and visuals are the most easily computer-generated
objects. They are created either from the ground up, or by using real-world
models recorded by a microphone or camera, over which
computer-generated objects are placed.
1. Computer animation
Computer animation is the process used
for generating animated images by
using computer graphics.
The more general term computer
generated imageryencompasses both static scenes and dynamic
images, while computer animation only refers to moving images.
Modern computer animation
usually uses 3D computer
graphics, although2D computer
graphics are still used for stylistic, low
bandwidth, and faster real-time renderings. Sometimes the target of the
animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium,
such as film.
Computer animation is
essentially a digital successor to the stop motiontechniques
used in traditional
animation with 3D models and frame-by-frame
animation of 2D illustrations. Computer generated animations are more
controllable than other more physically based processes, such as constructingminiatures for
effects shots or hiring extras for
crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be
feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist
to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces,
or props.
To create the illusion of
movement, an image is displayed on the computer screen and
repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it, but advanced slightly
in time (usually at a rate of 24 or 30 frames/second). This technique is
identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures.
For 3D animations, objects
(models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D figures are rigged
with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations)
and separate transparent layers are used, with or without a virtual skeleton.
Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved by the
animator on key frames. The
differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by
the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing.
Finally, the animation is rendered.
2. Computer art
It is any art in which computers play
a role in production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image,
sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, videogame, web site, algorithm, performance or
gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies
and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media
works created using computers has been blurred. For instance, an artist may
combine traditional painting with algorithm art and
other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product
can thus be difficult. Computer art is by its nature evolutionary since changes
in technology and software directly
affect what is possible.
3. Computer graphics
Computer graphics are graphics created
using computers and,
more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer
with help from specialized software and hard ware. The
development of computer graphics has made computers easier to interact with,
and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data.
4. Computer-generated
holography
Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is
the method of digitally generating holographic interference patterns. A
holographic image can be generated e.g. by digitally computing a holographic
interference pattern and printing it onto a mask or film for subsequent
illumination by suitable coherent light source.
Alternatively, the holographic image can be brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the basis of interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of having to fabricate a "hardcopy" of the holographic interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times the term "computer generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole process chain of synthetically preparing holographic light wavefronts suitable for observation. [
Alternatively, the holographic image can be brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the basis of interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of having to fabricate a "hardcopy" of the holographic interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times the term "computer generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole process chain of synthetically preparing holographic light wavefronts suitable for observation. [
5.
Computer-generated
imagery
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is the application of computer graphics to
create or contribute to images in art, printed media, video games, films, television
programs,commercials, simulators and
simulation generally. The visual scenes may be dynamic or static, and may be 2D
or 3D, though the term "CGI" is most commonly used to refer to3D
computer graphics used for creating scenes or special effects in
films and television.
6. Computer music
Computer music is a term that was originally used
within academia to describe a field of study relating to the applications
of computing
technology in music
composition; particularly that stemming from the Western art music tradition.
It includes the theory and application of new and existing technologies in
music, such as sound synthesis, digital
signal processing, sound design,
sonic diffusion, acoustics,
and psychoacoustics.
The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origin of electronic music,
and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at
the turn of the 20th century. More recently, with the advent of personal
computing, and the growth of home recording,
the term computer music is now sometimes used to describe any music that has been created
using computing
technology.
Computer-Generated Teaching Material
1.
worksheet
It is a sheet of paper, or on a computer, on which
problems are worked
A worksheet generator is
a software program that
generates problems, particularly in mathematics or numeracy.
Such software is often used by teachers to make classroom materials and
tests.
2. Poster
A poster is any piece of
printed paper designed
to be attached to a wall or vertical surface.
Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements,
although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are
designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many
purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly
of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and
other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for
reproductions of artwork, particularly famous
works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.
3. Flashcard
A flashcard or flash card is a set of cards
bearing information, as words or numbers, on either or both sides, used in
classroom drills or in private study. One writes a question on a card and an
answer overleaf. Flashcards can bear vocabulary,
historical dates, formulas or any subject matter that can be learned via a
question and answer format. Flashcards are widely used as a learning drill
to aid memorization by
way of spaced repetition.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Languages
are used for Communication with the System. As we know that there are also Some
Human Languages like English, Punjabi and Hindi those are used for
Communicating with the Other Humans. As we know that different Humans
Understands different Languages SO there are so many Languages developed
those are used for Communication with the Humans. Like this way When a User
wants to Perform any Operation then a User Must have to Use Soma Program or
Some Request. And the System will the Respond to the Request of the user.
For Making a Request to the System, a user can use any Programs,
and the Programs are the Collection of Statements and these Statements are
Written into the Some Programming Languages. So that at that Time there are
Many Languages those are also called as the Programming Languages because they
are used for making a Program So that they are called as the Programming
Languages.
In all over the world, language is
the source of communication among human beings. Different countries/regions
have different languages. Similarly, in order to communicate with the computer
user also needs to have a language that should be understood by the computer.
For this purpose, different languages are developed for performing different
types of work on the computer. Basically, languages are divided into two
categories according to their interpretation.
1. Low Level Languages.
2. High Level Languages.
|
|
|
·
Low
level computer languages are machine codes or close to it.
·
ComputercannotunderstandinstructionsgiveninhighlevellanguagesorinEnglish.Itcanonlyunderstandandexecuteinstructionsgiven
in the form of machine language i.e. language of 0 and1.
TYPES,ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES
OF LANGUAGES
Low level languages
1.
Machine
Language.
2.
Assembly
Language
1. Machine Language:
It is the lowest and most elementary level of Programming
language and was the first type of programming language to be developed.
Machine Language is basically the only language which computer can understand.
In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one Language, its
machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a String of binary
digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of Electric pulse
and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer is Capable of
recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understands machine Language.
Advantages
of Machine Language:
i) It makes fast and efficient use
of the computer.
ii) It requires no translator to
translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer
Disadvantages of Machine Language:
i) All operation codes have to be
remembered
ii) All memory addresses have to be
remembered.
iii) It is hard to amend or find
errors in a program written
In the machine language
iv) These languages are machine dependent i.e. a
particular
Machine language can be used on only
one type of computer
2. Assembly Language
This
is another low level but a very important language in which operation codes and
operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.
These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum
up to 5 letter combination e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,
LABEL etc. Because of this feature it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming
Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to
master it because very small English support is given to this language. The
language mainly helps in compiler orientations. The instructions of the
Assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by language
translator to be executed by the computer.
|
|
|
Advantages
of Assembly Language
i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to
machine language.
ii)It is easy to locate and correct
errors.
iii) It is modified easily
Disadvantages
of Assembly Language
i) Like machine language it is also
machine dependent.
ii) Since it is machine dependent
therefore programmer should have the knowledge of the hardware also.
High
Level Languages:
High
level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose
of developing high level languages is to enable people to write programs easily
and in their own native language environment (English). High-level languages
are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical
symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high level language
is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many
translation
Types
of High Level Languages
Many
languages have been developed for achieving different variety of tasks, some
are fairly specialized others are quite general purpose.
These are categorized according to
their use as
a) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing. These languages are oriented
towards the computational procedures for solving mathematical and statistical
problem
Examples are
·
BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code).
·
FORTRAN (Formula Translation).
·
PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1).
·
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language).
·
APL (A Programming Language).
b) Business Data Processing:
·
These
languages emphasize their capabilities for maintaining data processing
procedures and files handling problems. Examples are:
·
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).
·
RPG (Report Program Generator
(c)
String and List Processing: These
are used for string manipulation including search for patterns, inserting and
deleting characters. Examples are:
·
LISP (List Processing).
·
Prolog (Program in Logic).
(d) Object Oriented Programming Language
In OOP, the computer program is
divided into objects. Examples are:
·
C++
·
Java
e) Visual programming
language: these are designed for building Windows-based
applications Examples are:
·
Visual Basic
·
Visual Java
·
Visual C
SOME PROGRAMING LANGUAGES
1.
FORTRAN
This programming language was developed by
International Bussiness Machine corporation ( IBM).in 1957 for their computer
704. Its full name is Formula Translation. Difficult maths and science equation
can solve easily by using FORTRAN.
2.
COBOL
It
is much useful language for important commercial and data processing. The main
reason of the popularity of this language is that in this for instructions
general language of English is used which is easy to understand. A program made
in COBOL programming language with some little changes can be executed on any
type of computer.
3.
LOGO
It
is developed only to make easy the computer education. In this language
graphics, is so easy that kids can draw graphics too.
4.
BASIC
BASIC programming languages are much useful
for the persons who wants to be introduced with computer. BASIC stands for Biggners.
All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
5.
C++
C++
was developed by in Bell Labs by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980. The main aim to develop this language is to make writing
good programmers easier for the programmer.
6.
JAVA
In
JAVA we can do windows based programming. Programme created in JAVA can
operated with the help of browser, such programmes are known as Applet
Programmes. The reason of its popularity
in such short time is that programs created in this language can be added and operated with web page used in internet.
Advantages of High Level Language
Following
are the advantages of a high level language:
·
User-friendly
·
Similar
to English with vocabulary of words and symbols
·
Therefore
it is easier to learn.
·
They
require less time to write.
·
They
are easier to maintain.
·
Problem
oriented rather than 'machine' based.
·
Program
written in a high-level language can be translated into many machine language
and therefore can run on any computer for which there exists an appropriate
translator.
·
It
is independent of the machine on which it is used i.e. Programs developed in
high level language can be run on any Computer
Disadvantages of High Level Language
·
A
high-level language has to be translated into the machine language by a
translator and thus a price in computer time is paid.
·
The
object code generated by a translator might be inefficient Compared to an
equivalent assembly language program.
REFERANCE
- Teaching of
computer science – Hemant Kumar Coel
- Fundamentals of
information technology- Alexi Leon & Mathews Leon.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated.
